Responsabilidade Civil por Danos Decorrentes da Inteligência Artificial e dos Instrumentos Digitais: Estudo Analítico Comparado à Luz dos Desenvolvimentos Legislativos Europeus e da Posição do Direito Civil Argelino
Palavras-chave:
Caixa-preta, Produtos defeituosos, Presunções legais, Regulamento de Inteligência Artificial (AI Act), Viés algorítmico, Diretiva de Responsabilidade por ProdutosResumo
O presente artigo examina a problemática da responsabilidade civil por danos causados por sistemas de inteligência artificial e instrumentos digitais, mediante um estudo analítico comparado que abrange os desenvolvimentos legislativos europeus contemporâneos e o quadro normativo do direito civil argelino. O estudo revela uma deficiência estrutural inerente às regras clássicas da responsabilidade civil—tanto nas disposições que regem a responsabilidade do guardião da coisa quanto nos regimes de responsabilidade pelo fato do produto—quando confrontadas com as características adaptativas e a autonomia operacional que definem os sistemas inteligentes. Essa deficiência gera dilemas probatórios agudos, particularmente à luz do fenómeno da "caixa-preta" (black box), colocando os direitos das vítimas em sério risco de perda irremediável. Em contrapartida, a legislação europeia—consubstanciada no Regulamento de Inteligência Artificial de 2024 e na Diretiva atualizada relativa à Responsabilidade por Produtos Defeituosos (UE) 2024/2853—adota um regime de responsabilidade objetiva flexível que reconfigura os limites da prova por meio de presunções legais e amplia o âmbito dos danos indemnizáveis. A legislação argelina, por seu turno, permanece ancorada em disposições tradicionais concisas que nem acomodam a dinâmica do código algorítmico nem reconhecem as presunções causais necessárias à proteção das partes lesadas, impondo-se, assim, uma reforma legislativa abrangente e sistemática.
Referências
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V. Judicial Decisions
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Cour de cassation française, Chambre civile 2, arrêt n° 72-12.764 du 15 juin 1972 (Dalloz 1973, p. 285, note Larroumet).
Cour de cassation française, Chambre civile 1, arrêt n° 97-20.429 du 3 mars 1998 (Bull. civ. I, n° 95, p. 64).
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